Crop Protection :: Pest of Red Gram
Major pests of Red Gram
I. Borer |
1. Gram pod borer: Helicoverpa armigera |
Symptoms of damage
- Defoliation in early stages
- Larva’s head alone thrust inside the pods and the rest of the body hanging out.
- Pods with round holes
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Bore holes on the pod |
Larva feeding the pod |
Damaged pod |
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Identification of the pest
- Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly
- Larva - shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark brown grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also has dark and pale bands.
- Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris
- Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.
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Management
- For pod borers, raise one row of sunflower as intercrop for
every 9 rows of pigeon pea and plant maize as border crop.
- Pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera 12/ha
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- Bird perches 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
- Ha NPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol
- Apply any one of the following insectcides:
- Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (3a,3b,3c) 5%WP1000-1250 g/ha
- Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
- Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha
- Indoxacarb 15.8% SC 333 ml/ha
- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150ml/ha
- Spinosad 45%SC 125-162 ml/ha
- NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
- Neem oil 2%
- Phosalone 0.07%
(Spray fluid 625 ml/ha) Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray
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2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus |
Symptoms of damage
- Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes
- Presence of slug like caterpillar.
- Honey dew secretion with black ant movements
Identification of the pest
- Larva – It is flat and slightly rounded; Pale green with a rough skin.
- Adult - moth is greyish blue with prominent black spots in the hind wings and a long tail; Ventral side of wings with numerous stripes and brown spots
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Management
- Avoid dense and close planting
- Avoid early or late sowing
- Regular soil digging cause death of larvae and pupae
- Egg parasitoid, Trichogramma spp.,
- Larval parasitoids, Hyperencyrtus lucoenephila and Litrodromus crassipes
- Carbaryl 50 WP@ 1000 kg / ha
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3. Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus |
Symptoms of damage
- Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes and presence of slug like caterpillar.
- Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta.
Identification of the pest
- Larva - pale green or yellow with a red line and short black hairs on the body.
- Adult - butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the hind wings and two black spots in the inner margin.
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Management of pod borer complex
- ETL 10% affected parts
- Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa.
- Early sowing, short duration varieties.
- Avoid closer plant spacing.
- Grow tall sorghum as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches
- Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible
- Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest.
- Install Bird perches @ 50/ha.
- Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.
- Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals @1.5 lakh/ha/ week for four times.
- Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants
- Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 – 15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).
- Bt @ 600 g, neem oil/ pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit
- Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%.
- Apply any one of insecticides at 25 kg/ha quinalphos 4D, carbaryl 5D
- Spray insecticide Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha.
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4. Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa |
Symptoms of damage
- Pin head size holes on pods
- Small spiny caterpillars and pupae seen on the pods
Identification of the pest
- Larva - is greenish brown, fringed with radiating hairs and spines
- Adult - is delicate, brown coloured small moth with plumed wings.
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Management:
- ETL: 5/plant
- Bird perches 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
- Ha NPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol
- Apply any one of the following insectcides:
- Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (3a,3b,3c) 5%WP1000-1250 g/ha
- Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
- Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha
- Indoxacarb 15.8% SC 333 ml/ha
- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150ml/ha
- Spinosad 45%SC 125-162 ml/ha
- NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
- Neem oil 2%
- Phosalone 0.07%
(Spray fluid 625 ml/ha) Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray
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5. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis |
Symptoms of damage
- Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods
- Infested pods and flowers are webbed together.
Identification of the pest
- Larva - Greenish white with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the back of each segment
- Adult - Forewings- light brown colour with white markings; Hindwings – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge
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Management
- ETL: 5/plant
- Bird perches 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
- Ha NPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol
- Apply any one of the following insectcides:
- Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (3a,3b,3c) 5%WP1000-1250 g/ha
- Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
- Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha
- Indoxacarb 15.8% SC 333 ml/ha
- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150ml/ha
- Spinosad 45%SC 125-162 ml/ha
- NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
- Neem oil 2%
- Phosalone 0.07%
(Spray fluid 625 ml/ha) Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray
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6. Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella |
Symptoms of damage
- Dropping of flowers and young pods
- Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered
Identification of the pest
- Larva – greenish initially, turns pink before pupation.
- It has 5 black spots on the prothorax
Adult
- Brownish grey moth
- Prothorax – orange in colour
- Fore wing - has a white stripe along the anterior margin
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7. Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni, |
Symptoms of damage
Identification of the pest
- Larva - greenish having brown lateral marking
- It has humped anal segment
Adult
- Moths are yellowish brown in colour
- Forewings - yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks
- Hindwings – has pale brown markings
- Management Put bird perches @ 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
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Management of pod borer complex
- ETL 10% affected parts
- Deep summer ploughing in 2-3 years to eliminate quiescent pupa.
- Early sowing, short duration varieties.
- Avoid closer plant spacing.
- Grow tall sorghum as comparison crop to serve as biological bird perches
- Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the extent possible
- Install pheromone traps at a distance of 50 m @ 5 traps/ha for each insect pest.
- Install Bird perches @ 50/ha.
- Setting of light traps (1 light trap/5 acre) to kill moth population.
- Control is achieved by releasing of Trichogramma chlionis at weekly intervals @1.5 lakh/ha/ week for four times.
- Conserve green lacewing, predatory stink bugs, spider, ants
- Application of NPV 250 LE /ha with teepol 0.1% and Jaggery 0.5% thrice at 10 – 15 days interval commencing from flowering stage. (Note: Insecticide / Ha NPV spray should be applied when the larvae are in early stage).
- Bt @ 600 g, neem oil/ pungum oil 80 EC @ 2ml/lit
- Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%.
- Apply any one of insecticides at 25 kg/ha. chlorpyriphos 1.5 % DP, quinalphos 4D, carbaryl 5D
- Spray insecticides like Carbaryl 10% DP (or) Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1000 ml/ha.
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8. Red gram pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa |
Symptoms
- Dark brown encrustation on the pod wall
- Dry pods showing pin head size hole,
- Seeds shriveled, striped and partially eaten
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Identification of the pest
- Larva - greenish having brown lateral marking
- It has humped anal segment
Adult
- Moths are yellowish brown in colour
- Forewings - yellow coloured with ‘V’ shaped specks
- Hindwings – has pale brown markings
- Management Put bird perches @ 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
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Management
- Bird perches 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
- Ha NPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol
- Apply any one of the following insectcides:
- Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (3a,3b,3c) 5%WP1000-1250 g/ha
- Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
- Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha
- Indoxacarb 15.8% SC 333 ml/ha
- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150ml/ha
- Spinosad 45%SC 125-162 ml/ha
- NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
- Neem oil 2%
- Phosalone 0.07%
(Spray fluid 625 ml/ha) Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray
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9. Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli |
- Drooping of the tender leaves and – seedling wilt
- Yellowing of young plants.
- Stem become swollen and start ribbing where maggot and pupae are present
Identification of the pest
- Maggot- Small yellow coloured
- Adult -Tiny black fly
- Soil application of carbofuran 3G @ 15 kg/ha at sowing
- Spray Imidacloprid 70 % WG 500 ml/ha a week after germination and second round 10 days after first round or NSKE 5%
- Timely sowing also minimizes the attack of the pest
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II. Sap Feeders |
1. Pod bugs: Riptortus pedestris |
Symptoms of damage
- Pods with black spots
- Shedding of green pods
- Poorly filled pods with shriveled grains inside
Identification of the pest
Riptortus pedestris
- Brownish black and hemispherical
- Nymphs – resemble dark brown ants
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Management
- Bird perches 50/ha
- Mechanical collection of grown up larva and blister beetle
- Ha NPV 3 x1012 POB/ha in 0.1% teepol
- Apply any one of the following insectcides:
- Azadirachtin 0.03 % WSP 2500-5000 g/ha
- Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki (3a,3b,3c) 5%WP1000-1250 g/ha
- Dimethoate 30% EC 1237 ml/ha
- Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha
- Indoxacarb 15.8% SC 333 ml/ha
- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150ml/ha
- Spinosad 45%SC 125-162 ml/ha
- NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos 0.05%
- Neem oil 2%
- Phosalone 0.07%
(Spray fluid 625 ml/ha) Note : Insecticide / Ha NPV spray
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2. Lab lab bug or Stink bug: Coptosoma cribraria |
Symptoms of damage
- Cluster on the plant parts and suck the sap
Identification of the pest
- Nymphs and Adult - sub globular, oval and greenish shield bug
- It has a characteristic buggy odour
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3. Bean Aphids: Aphis craccivora |
Symptoms of damage
- Leaves, inflorescence stalk and young pods covered with dark coloured aphids
- Honey dew secretion with black ant movements
Identification of the pest
- Nymphs and Adult – dark coloured with cornicles in the abdomen
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Management
- ETL :20/2.5 cm shoot length
Spray any one of the following :
- Methyl demeton 25 EC 500 ml/ha
- Dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha
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4. Leaf hopper: Empoasca kerri |
Symptoms of damage
- Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
- Green colour insects found under surface of leaves
Identification of the pest
- Adult – elongate, active, wedge shape, green insects
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5. Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci |
Symptoms of damage
- Leave mottled and yellowish in colour
- vector of yellow mosaic virus
Identification of the pest
- Adults -are small, yellow bodied insects with white wings which are densely covered with a waxy powder.
- Nymphs and pupae -are black and round or oval. Pupae have marginal bristles
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Management of sucking pests
- Shaking the infested plants over the vessels of oil and water or oily cloth gives most effective
- Spray methyl demeton 25 EC 500ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml or phosphomidon 85 WSC 250 ml/ha
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6. Eriyophid mite: Aceria cajani |
Symptoms of damage
- Vector of red gram sterility mosaic virus
Identification of the pest
- Nymphs & Adult – white in colour
- Very small microscopic and vermiform llike with two pairs of anteriorly located legs
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Management of sucking pests
- Shaking the infested plants over the vessels of oil and water or oily cloth gives most effective
- Spray dicofol 2ml/lit or wettable sulphur 2g/lit of water
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III. Leaf Feeders |
1. Leaf folder: Anticarsia irrorata |
Symptoms of damage
Identification of the pest
- Larva- green coloured
- Adult – yellowish brown moth with an oblique black line on the wings
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Adult |
Larva |
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2. Leaf Webber: Eucosma critica |
Symptoms of damage
- Leaves rolled up apically and become white and dried up
Identification of the pest
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3. Red gram leaf roller: Caloptilia soyella |
Symptoms of damage
- leaves folded together with tender shoots showing bore holes
Identification of the pest
- Larva- stout, long, smooth yellow with brown head
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4. Lab lab leaf miner: Cyphosticha coerulea |
Symptoms of damage
- leaves with large irregular papery mines on the dorsal surface
Identification of the pest
- Larva- orange coloured caterpillar
Management of leaf feeder
- Apply Quinalphos 25 % EC 25 kg/ha
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VI. Flower Feeder |
1. Blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata |
Symptoms of damage
- The adult feeds voraciously on buds and flowers.
Identification of the pest
- Eggs - are light yellowish in colour and cylindrical in shape.
- Larva - Young grubs are white in colour.
- Adult – Elytra are black in colour with a round orange spot and two transverse wavy orange bands across the wings.
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Management
- Manual collection or collection with insect net and killing of adults in kerosenized water appears to be the only possible solution.
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2. Flower webber: Eublemma hemarrhoda |
Symptoms of damage
Identification of the pest
- Larva -is green with a black head and long white hairs on the body
- Adult
- Forewings – yellow colour with purple patches
- Hind wings -white
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Management
- Spraying of 0.03% of dimethoate or the mixture of dimethoate 0.03% and Quinalphos 25% EC
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